Buenvenido Lumbera Essay

Training: Bienvenido Lumbera got his Litt.B. furthermore, M.A. degrees from the University of Santo Tomas in 1950. Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from Indiana University in 1968. Academe: Bienvenido Lumbera showed Literature, Philippine Studies and Creative Writing at the Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, the University of the Philippine Diliman, and the University of Santo Tomas. Bienvenido Lumbera was likewise selected visiting teacher of Philippine Studies at Osaka University of Foreign Studies in Japan from 1985 to 1988 and the absolute first Asian Scholar in Residence at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Hierarchical Affiliation: Bienvenido Lumbera likewise settled his initiative among Filipino journalists, specialists and pundits by helping to establish social associations, for example, the Philippine Comparative Literature Association in 1969; Pamana ng Panitikan ng Pilipinas in 1970; Kalipunan para sa mga Literatura ng Pilipinas in 1975; Philippine Studies Association of the Philippines in 1984 and Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino in 1976. In such manners, Bienvenido Lumbera added to the destruction of Marcos despite the fact that he was in Japan during the 1986 Edsa uprising, instructing at the Osaka University of Foreign Studies. Bienvenido Lumbera is likewise the establishing and current executive of the Board of Trustees of the multi-granted media bunch Kodao Productions and an individual from the Concerned Artists of the Philippines and the Bagong Alyansang Makabayan. Abstract Reputation: Bienvenido Lumbera is presently generally recognize as one of the mainstays of contemporary Philippine Literature, Cultural Studies and Film, having composed and altered various books on abstract history, scholarly analysis and film. Bienvenido Lumbera likewise got a few honors refering to his commitment to Philippine Letters, most prominently the 1975 Palanca Award for Literature; the 1993 Magsaysay Award for Journalism Literature, and Creative Communication Arts; a few National Book Awards from the Manila Critics Circle; the 1998 Philippine Centennial Literary Prize for Drama; and the 1999 Cultural Center of the Philippines Centennial Honors for the Arts. Bienvenido Lumbera is at present the supervisor of sanghaya (National Commission on Culture and the Arts), Professor at the Department of English in the School of Humanities of the Ateneo de Manila University, Emeritus Professor at the Department of Filipino and Philippine Literature, College of Arts and Letters, University of the Philippines Diliman, and Professor of Literature at De La Salle University. For a period, Bienvenido Lumbera likewise filled in as President of the Alliance of Concerned Teachers (ACT), a National Organization of in excess of 40,000 instructors and representatives in the training segment. The starting of Bayan at Lipunan: Ang Kritisismo ni Bienvenido Lumbera, altered by Rosario Torres Yu and distributed by the University of Santo Tomas Publishing House, was praised by the University of the Philippines in January 2006. Bienvenido Lumbera was declared National Artist in April 2006. Verse: Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa nuong 1993. Poetika/Pulitika nuong 2008. Ka Bel. Works[edit source | editbeta] Poetry[edit source | editbeta] Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa, 1993 Poetika/Pulitika, 2008 Ka Bel Scholarly criticism[edit source | editbeta] Revaluation: Essays on Literature, Cinema, and Popular Culture, 1984 Tagalog Poetry, 1570-1898: Tradition and Influences on Its Development, 1986 Abot-Tanaw: Sulyap at Suri sa Nagbabagong Kultura at Lipunan, 1987 Textbooks[edit source | editbeta] Instructional method Philippine Literature: A History and Anthology Rediscovery: Essays in Philippine Life and Culture Filipinos Writing: Philippine Literature from the Regions Paano Magbasa ng Panitikang Filipino: Mga Babasahing Pangkolehiyo Librettos[edit source | editbeta] Stories of the Manuvu Rama, Hari Nasa Puso ang Amerika Bayani Noli Me Tangere Hibik at Himagsik Nina Victoria Laktaw Awards[edit source | editbeta] National Artist, April, 2006 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts, 1993 Pambansang Gawad Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas, Unyon ng mga Manunulat ng Pilipinas (UMPIL) National Book Awards from the Manila Critics’ Circle Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for Literature Visiting Professorship, Osaka University of Foreign Studies Professor Emeritus, University of the Philippines Philippine Centennial Literary Prize for Drama Cultural Center of the Philippines Centennial Honors for the Arts first Asian researcher in-living arrangement at the University of Hawaii at Manoa *As an artist, heâ introduced to Tagalog writing what is presently known as Bagay verse, a milestone stylish inclination that has assisted with changing the vernacular lovely custom. He is the creator of the accompanying works: Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa (sonnets in Filipino and English), 1993; Balaybay, Mga Tulang Lunot at Manibalang, 2002; Sa Sariling Bayan, Apat na Dulang May Musika, 2004; â€Å"Agunyas sa Hacienda Luisita,† Pakikiramay, 2004. As a librettist for theTales of the Manuvu and Rama Hari, he spearheaded the innovative combination of expressive arts and well known creative mind. As a researcher, his significant books incorporate the following:Tagalog Poetry, 1570-1898: Tradition and Influences in its Development; Philippine Literature: A History and Anthology, Revaluation: Essays on Philippine Literature, Writing the Nation/Pag-akda ng Bansa

Compliance Status of Nightingale Community Hospital Information Management Essay Example

Consistence Status of Nightingale Community Hospital: Information Management Essay The accompanying pages will give a rundown of the present consistence status of Nightingale Community Hospital dependent on the Information Management Priority Focus Area. From the data gave by Nightingale Community Hospital [the hospital] or promptly accessible to the review group, many Joint Commission principles are not presently being met and will require remedial activity preceding a review to guarantee achievement. The following Joint Commission visit is foreseen in 13-months, and the medical clinic should concentrate on fixing these territories before at that point. These three measures incorporate various Elements of Performance [EPs] that the emergency clinic ought to be certain are executed inside approaches or methods that can be referenced by the Joint Commission. These principles were picked by the medical clinic as the things to be inside pre-examined on the grounds that it is comprehended that these are key issues in the correct activity of the emergency clinic and assurance of the patient’s information: 1) IM. 02. 02. 02 †This standard guarantees the clinic is successfully dealing with the assortment of wellbeing data. This standard was picked for this area since this is the very beginning of the hospital’s obligation to keep up exact and secure data for a patient. The procedure of Information Management begins with this standard being met. 2) RC. 01. 01. 01 †This standard guarantee the emergency clinic keeps up total and precise clinical records for every patient. This standard persists significance from the past referenced norm. This ties into Information Management for the medical clinic on the grounds that after the information is gathered, the emergency clinic must keep up it appropriately to be inside consistence and secure their patients’ data. We will compose a custom paper test on Compliance Status of Nightingale Community Hospital: Information Management explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Compliance Status of Nightingale Community Hospital: Information Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Compliance Status of Nightingale Community Hospital: Information Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer 3) RC. 01. 04. 01 †This standard guarantees emergency clinics review their clinical records. This additionally follows a similar pattern as the initial two guidelines picked, in light of the fact that so as to appropriately deal with the data, occasional reviews must be taken to affirm past approaches and methods are not exclusively being trailed by staff, however are working in the hospital’s favor by fulfilling consistence and medical clinic guidelines. Page 1 of 5 Standard Label Text (The Joint Commission, 2012) IM. 02. 02. 01 The medical clinic successfully deals with the assortment of wellbeing data. Current Compliance Status of Nightingale Community Hospital: Information Management Elements of Performance Does Nightingale Have a Corrective Plan of Action (EP) Corresponding Policy or (if material) Procedure to Address the EP? 1) The clinic utilizes uniform informational indexes to normalize information assortment all through the medical clinic. 2) The emergency clinic utilizes normalized phrasing, definitions, shortened forms, abbreviations, images, and portion assignments. 3) The medical clinic follows its rundown of denied shortenings, abbreviations, images, and portion assignments, which incorporates the accompanying: U,u; IU; Q.D. , QD, q. d. , qod; Trailing zero (x. 0 mg); Lack of driving zero (. X mg); MS; MSO4; MgSO4. 1) The emergency clinic characterizes the parts of a total clinical record. 4) The clinical record contains data novel to the patient, which is utilized for persistent ID. 5) The clinical record contains the data expected to help the patient’s finding and condition. Truly; The Admission Order structure takes into consideration assortment of normalized data. Truly; Both the Admissions Order structure and the Prohibited Abbreviations Patient Care Policy follow normalized models. Indeed; The Patient Care Policy Prohibited Abbreviations gives the rundown of restricted truncations and thinking behind not utilizing them. Guarantee every single other structure other than the Admissions Order structure likewise are utilizing indistinguishable normalized standards from demonstrated in the EP. Guarantee every single other structure other than the Admissions Order structure additionally are utilizing indistinguishable normalized rules from demonstrated in the EP. None right now Policy is as of now in presence and consistent. RC. 01. 01. 01 The emergency clinic keeps up total and precise clinical records for every individual patient. No; The clinic didn't give a parts rundown to a total clinical record. No; The Admissions Order structure just shows the patients name as it were. No; The Admissions Order structure doesn't prompts for finding or condition, just activity things. Create, or accommodate audit, a list synopsis to incorporate all segments of a total clinical record. Include various (at any rate two) types of patient distinguishing proof to the clinical record (recorded on all reports, for example, persistent ID, DOB, or address. Include, or accommodate survey, a determination or condition area and portrayal part to clinical record. Page 2 of 5 Standard Label Text (The Joint Commission, 2012) RC. 01. 01. 01 (Cont’d) The clinic keeps up total and exact clinical records for every individual patient. Components of Performance (EP) Does Nightingale Have a Corresponding Policy or Procedure to Address the EP? No; The Admissions Order structure doesn't expeditious for defense for treatment orders. Remedial Plan of Action (if material). 6) The clinical record contains the data expected to legitimize the patient’s care, treatment, and administrations. 7) The clinical record contains data that reports the course and aftereffect of the patients care, treatment, and administrations. 8) The clinical record contains data about the patient’s care, treatment, and administrations that advances congruity of care among suppliers. Include, or accommodate audit, a legitimization/remarks hinder for every segment inside clinical record. No; The Admissions Order structure doesn't have a segment to follow patients care, treatment or administrations. No; The Admissions Order structure incorporates a checkbox for a politeness call to essential consideration doctor, however there is no depiction of care, treatment or administrations to follow patients mind or advance progression of care. Indeed; The Admission Order structure takes into consideration assortment of normalized data. Indeed; The Admissions Order structure prompts for date and time. No; The emergency clinic didn't give an archive used to follow the area of all parts of the clinical record. Include, or accommodate survey, a course of events area to be utilized for following consideration, treatment, administrations as well as consequences of patient inside clinical record. Include, or accommodate survey a course of events area to be utilized for following consideration, treatment, or administrations and depiction of aftereffects of patient; likewise include supplier remarks segment this will guarantee different suppliers will have the option to give precise consideration, treatment or administrations. Guarantee every single other structure other than the Admissions Order structure additionally are utilizing indistinguishable normalized rules from showed in the EP. Guarantee every other structure other than the Admissions Order structure additionally require a precise date record. Add a file to the clinical record including all areas to be incorporated and brief for their present area (inside the record). 9) The emergency clinic utilizes normalized organizations to archive the consideration, treatment, and administrations it gives to patients. 11) All passages in the clinical record are dated. 12) The emergency clinic tracks the area of all segments of the clinical record. Page 3 of 5 Standard Label Text (The Joint Commission, 2012) RC. 01. 01. 01 (Cont’d) The emergency clinic keeps up total and precise clinical records for every individual patient. Components of Performance (EP). Does Nightingale Have a Corresponding Policy or Procedure to Address the EP? Truly; The Admissions Order structure prompts for a synopsis of all necessary consideration, treatment, or administrations. Restorative Plan of Action (if pertinent) RC. 01. 04. 01 The emergency clinic reviews its clinical records. 13) The clinic gathers or makes accessible in a synopsis in the clinical record all data required to give tolerant consideration, treatment, and administrations 19) For emergency clinics that utilization Joint Commission accreditation for esteemed status purposes: All passages in the clinical record, including all requests, are coordinated. 1) The clinic leads a continuous survey of clinical records at the purpose of care, in light of the accompanying pointers: nearness, practicality, clarity (regardless of whether transcribed or printed), precision, confirmation, and culmination of information and data. 2) The clinic quantifies its clinical record misconduct rate at normal interims, however no not exactly at regular intervals. None as of now Form is as of now in presence and consistent. Truly; The Admissions Order structure prompts for date and time. Guarantee every other structure other than the Admissions Order structure likewise require a precise date record. No; the emergency clinic didn't give data on their exactness checks. Guarantee clinical records are being refreshed and checked at purpose of care as demonstrated in EP. No; Hospitals records have been estimated by year timeframes as it were. Must break-out and measure wrongdoing rates no not exactly at regular intervals as showed in EP. On the off chance that conceivable, re-run information to define multi month time span detailing. On a progressing premise, make another Policy and Procedure to deal with the three-month cycle revealing. Give authentic quality estimations and utilize the Hospital Medical Record Statistics Form to affirm the normal rate is half or less. 4) The clinical record wrongdoing rate arrived at the midpoint of from the last four quarterly estimations is half or less of the normal month to month release (AMD) rate. Every individual quarterly estimation is no g

Room Arrangement

Room Arrangement Arrangement of class space is crucial when dealing with disruptive students and important to consider for all students. Updated on: January 9, 2001 Room Arrangement Editor's Note: The following list has suggestions for working with students with behavior problems, but the ideas are easily modified for any student.Provide students with adequate space around their desks. If students are seated so that they can touch each other easily without getting up, stealing and hitting problems could escalate. Keep all items not in immediate use in cabinets or closets. Lock the cabinets or closets if possible. The more items available for an angry child to throw, the more rewarding and potentially harmful the tantrum becomes. Keep scissors, X-acto knives, and other potential weapons out of students' reach. Closely supervise art and cooking activities. Make it clear that these activities will stop if rules are not followed. If necessary, arrange furniture to provide students with visual barriers during independent work times. Make areas of the room activity specific. For example, desks are for work; the rug is for p lay; the large table is for group discussion; and the time-out corner is for cooling off and thinking. This helps the students develop constructive classroom behavior habits and reduces confusion over what behavior is expected at a given place and time. Check activity-specific areas for appropriate space, lighting, storage, and furniture needs. Remove everything from the room that is not absolutely necessary. Make furniture and materials accessible to students in order to increase productivity and decrease anger and frustration. Actively enforce the rule that people are not for hurting.  

The Influence Of Gender Roles - 1404 Words

The Influence of Gender Role Stereotyping Shawn Berkley Santa Fe College Abstract Study on gender role stereotypes has shown that there are several negative effects of stereotyping. The study on how gender role stereotyping effects children is not as prevalent because most believe that it doesn’t matter, since children are just forming their stereotype so children do not care. However, some psychologists have done some research on it, and from their research found out that children used a mixture of moral and social conventional reasoning (Including stereotypes), to evaluate complicated situations that called for judgments about both the inclusion of someone and the exclusion. That included information about the children s past experiences. Other studies have stated that the parents also have a huge impact on children’s gender role stereotype. From having an absent father to having parents argue about money or their children, could have effect on how children see their own or the opposite gender. This paper will review the current literature on how the gender role stereotypes effect people. Keywords: gender stereotypes, emerging adulthood, role congruency, backlash effects The Influence of Gender Role Stereotyping Gender role stereotyping has been shown to reduce performance of men. However, when women are put in similar situations for them, it was in some ways elevating their social status, and thus this may not haveShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Gender Roles700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Influence of Gender Roles â€Å"Girl† by Jamaica Kincaid is a short story contained in her collection of stories written in 1983,â€Å"At the Bottom of the River.† This story is about a mother giving advice to her daughter on how to survive and succeed in the society that they are living in at about 1950-1960. The story portrays a mother’s urgent repetitive voice to save her daughter from sexuality, by teaching her how to become a good woman in the society of Antigua, a British Island. TheRead MoreParental Influence On Gender Roles1179 Words   |  5 PagesDevega English 120 – Fall 2017 October 8, 2017 Parental Influence on Gender Roles in Children A person s gender identity is a multi-faceted social construct that is defined as a person s sense of being male or female in various combinations; gender roles are then defined as behaviors learned by a person as appropriate to their gender, determined by the prevailing cultural norms. From the moment of birth when a parent hears their baby s gender an identity has begun to form. When we meet a new personRead MoreGender Roles And Their Influence On Society1833 Words   |  8 Pagespeople first attune to- are race, and especially gender† (p. 162). Gender is defined by Myers (2013) as â€Å"the characteristics that people associate with male and female† (p. 162). Gender roles are the public images of being male or female that a person presents to others. Culture is what is shared by a large group and transmitted across generations- ideas, attitudes, behaviors, and traditions (Myers, 2013). Although much of what is learned about gender comes from one’s culture we also learn much ofRead MoreThe Media And Society Influence On Gender Roles1116 Words   |  5 Pagesthe social world in which you live. The media and societies influence on gender roles Introduction Gender stereotypes are everywhere. ‘Both masculinities and femininities come into existence at specific times and places and are always subject to change.’ (Connell, 1995: 185 cited in Wharton, 2012: 6). The term gender is a ‘doing’ word. It is a constant, active process. A role, is the expected behaviour which is associated with a status. 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Media, specifically television shows, plays a sizable role in creating and enforcing gender norms because of its wide range of influence. Many popular television shows tend to exaggerate gender roles by making actors either overplay or underplay the gender that goes with their assigned sex. While the actions of the characters play a large role inRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Gender Roles1042 Words   |  5 PagesThe media is a well-known, influential aspect on gender roles that broadcast negative messages to society through television by the images that are mainstreamed, which has an effect on people’s thinking process. Televis ion brainwashes both men and women to believe they are not perfect, unless they have the body image of a celebrity. 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Media as well as communications are known to be the key elements of how people live their life in the modern age. The media can be a very inviting place, since it has so many things inside of it that appeals to people worldwide. At the same time, the media can be a cruel, judging and corrupt area that can be scary to involve yourself with. That being said, the mass media has hadRead MoreHow The Media Influences Gender Roles3905 Words   |  16 PagesHow the Media Influences Gender Roles in Adolescents AMST Research Writing Professor Liles 7 April 2015 I certify that I have followed the SJFC Academic Honesty Policy for writing papers Gabrielle Burns How the Media Influences Gender Roles in Adolescents One of today’s thriving issues is the strong gender gaps that exist in American society. Beginning at birth, the hospital assigns blue blankets to boys and pink blankets to girls because those are presumably colors that are

Schema Integration Essay - 2227 Words

In literature there exist several definitions of Schema: â€Å"Schema integration is the process of merging autonomously developed DB schema into a unified, global schema to provide transparency through a unified view† [73]. â€Å"Schema integration is the process of identifying the components of a database which are related to one another, selecting the best representation for the global conceptual schema, and finally, integrating the components of each intermediate schema† [74]. 12.2. Why is Schema Integration Required? With respect to the web warehouse, schema integration is one of its important perspectives. There are heterogeneous sources of data in World Wide Web which vary in their schema configuration. Schemas from different†¦show more content†¦Pre-integration An analysis of local schemata is carried out. The analysis made governs the choice of schemas to be integrated and the order of integration. A number of schemas to be integrated at a time and the amount of designer interaction are also decided in this step [81]. 12.4.2. Schema Comparison/Matching This step involves identifying and analyzing inter-schema relationships by determining the correspondences between the schemas. Possible conflicts are also detected in this phase. 12.4.3. Schema Conforming In order to integrate schemas, the detected conflicts between them have to be resolved so that it was possible to merge them [81]. It implies modification of one or both schemas that will be integrated until each phenomenon in the Universe of the Discourse (UoD) reflects the same form in both schemas. 12.4.4. Schema Merging Schema merging results into a single global integrated schema by superimposing the local schemas. 12.5. Conflicts in Schema Integration Schema integration process may face certain conflicts. The system undergoing the integration process must be able to identify the arise conflicts. 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Testing of units, integration, performance, system, and acceptance are done to ensure system functionality and the sponsor’s requirements and that all segments/structures, communications, applications, procedures, and documentation are in place, tested, and integrated. End usersRead MoreConversion Xml Schema For Data Warehouse Schema1215 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment -3 Literature Review Conversion of the XML Schema to Data Warehouse Schema Introduction: eXtensible Markup Language is used mainly in most of the organizations for e-commerce and online applications. Indeed, XML has become the standard for representing, exchanging the data among the various applications on the internet. Moreover, XML schema is used for representing the XML document structure where XML data is associated with the XML schema. 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Application of Ict in Library Free Essays

string(47) " the extent of ICT use for serials operations\." Application of ICT in Libraries URL: http://unllib. unl. edu/LPP/anunobi-edoka. We will write a custom essay sample on Application of Ict in Library or any similar topic only for you Order Now htm Use of ICT Facilities for Serials Functions in Southern Nigeria Federal University Libraries Chinwe V. Anunobi Ph. D Digital Librarian Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria Benson E. Edoka Professor Department of Library and Information Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka Nsukka, Nigeria Introduction User expectation from any information providing system is to make available directly or remotely and in real time the needed information, format not withstanding. In the university environment, the library a major information providing system supports teaching, learning and research with information materials of various types. Among these diverse information materials, serials are needed especially by faculty and research students. Before the development and use of ICT facilities for capturing/acquisition, processing dissemination and retrieval of information, serials operations were predominantly manual. However with the development of ICT based library service which brought with it self service and simultaneous access to resources (Womboh Abba 2008), peoples’ interest switched from print to electronic information. Furthermore, serials operations in developing countries which was besieged with problems associated with cost (Millis 1992, de Marcas 2000; Aina 2003), inadequate acquisition and processing tools (Szilvassy 1996), competency and accessibility problems (Cohen 1989 and Mullis 1992), embrace the use of ICT facilities as an approach to overcome some of the mentioned problems. This is necessary since according to Ajayi (2003) any industry information or any other which ‘sidelines ICT has simply signed a death warrant’ The ICT facilities applied in the library in general and serials unit in particular are based on the functions performed therein. The functions performed in the university serials unit as indicated by Tuttle (1983) are acquisition, processing, public service and preservation. These functions are synonymous with the functions performed in the university library though with some peculiarities emanating from the nature of serials. Therefore ICT facilities used in the broad university library are also applicable to the serials unit but also with peculiarity occasioned by the nature of serials. These services and operations have been transformed using ICT. Aina (2004) informed that there is efficiency in resource organization as delivery and dissemination of information have become effective and easy. Repetitive and routine tasks in the library have been eliminated. Furthermore, the availability of bibliographic database, full text documents and digital library collection is now taken for granted as noted by Chesenga (2004). The IT (ICT) facilities use in the library is defined by the American Library Association (1993) as â€Å"the application of computers and other technology to the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. Ifidon (1985) enumerated the functions available for ICT use in the library to include ordering and acquisition with the following activities: ordering, receiving, settlement of invoice and administration of records and expenditure.. Further to that, Oketunji (2001) and Chesenga (2004) listed library functions in which ICT could be applied to include acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, serials control, selective dissemination of information services and preparation of management information. Furthermore, the application of ICT facilities in the library could be in the stand alone or integrated form. Many countries and institutions are at varying level of ICT application in their library operation. Islam and Islam (2007) documented the use ICT in libraries in Bangladash and informed that though the use started between 1964 and 1995, progress was not made until 1996. In Nigeria many universities are at the advanced stage of ICT use in library operations. Anunobi and Benard (2007) informed that in their study of ICT availability for library operations in the Imo state of Nigeria only two of the four academic libraries; Federal University of Technology Owerri and Imo State University show evidence of using ICT for library operations. Emorjorho, Nwalo (2009) found in their study that only very few libraries in the Niger-Delta of Nigeria use ICT in library operations where university libraries have more ICT facilities than the special libraries. Nok(2006) documented the use of ICT in Kashim Ibrahim library, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria while Ekpengong( 1997) presented the situation in special libraries in Nigeria. Ani, Esin and Edim(2005) also studied the use of ICT in Nigeria University libraries. For serials operation, Agbaje (2002:27) informed that â€Å"information technology can be an effective hand–maid to serials management at every stage of management process and irrespective of content, use, format and overall strategy adopted for serials management by the organization in question† Akinyotu (1977), Alabi (1985), Oketunji (2001) Agbaje (2002) and Oni (2004) noted that using various approaches, ICT facilities in serials unit can be for the following functions and activities: subscription control, procurement process, order preparation, fund analysis and accounting. They can also be used for bibliographic file control, cataloguing of new serials, preparation of serials record entries and transaction control. Effecting serials additions, changes and deletions or collection control can be performed with ICT facilities. Services and preservation functions such as servicing request for serials publication, binding control file, missing issues, holdings accession of want list as well as union lists are amenable to ICT facilities use. In their findings on the use of computer for library services in Bangladesh, Islam and Islam (2007 ) discovered that all the libraries surveyed used ICT for serials control as well as other activities. The services provided according to them include CD-ROM searching, online searching, online networking, photocopying, online information services and database searching services. In Nigeria according to Ikem and Ajala (2000), preliminary use of ICT in the library started with its use to produce Union list of Serials sponsored by Committee of University Librarians of Nigeria. That notwithstanding, its continuous use for various serials function is yet to be known. Statement of the Problem There are copious studies and opinion on the use of ICT facilities for library functions in general. In Nigerian university libraries, ICT facilities were primarily used for serials functions and are still in use. However not much has been found in literature as regards the areas of serials functions they are used, and the facilities in use. Hence the survey tends to address this gap by identifying the extent of ICT use for serials operations. You read "Application of Ict in Library" in category "Essay examples" Objective of the Study †¢Identify the serials operations performed with ICT facilities in southern Nigerian federal university libraries; †¢Determine the serials public services performed with ICT; †¢Find out the ICT facilities used for these serials operations; †¢Ascertain if the use of ICT facilities in serials unit of the libraries is a determinant to their use for serials operations. Research Questions †¢What serials operations are performed with ICT facilities in southern Nigeria Federal university libraries? In which serials public services are the use of ICT employed in Nigerian federal university libraries? †¢What ICT facilities are used for these serials operations? †¢Does the use of ICT facility in serials units of the libraries under study determine its use for serials operations? Significance of the Study The result of this survey will help academic libraries which do not apply ICT facilities for serials functions recognize areas of seri als operation in which ICT can be used, and the ICT they can use. With that they can strategize on their use. For libraries using ICT facilities for various operations, they will be acquainted with other areas ICT can be employed in serials operation and the institutions applying such. Donor agencies will also be aware of the state of ICT facilities application in Nigerian university serials operation and decide on the areas to assist such institutions. Data Collection The work covered all the federal university libraries in the three of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria namely South-East (SE), South-West (SW) and South –South (SS). The three zones comprise seventeen states with 13 federal universities. The various zones and their inclusive universities are: South East(SE): University of Nigeria, Nsukka,(UNN), Federal University of Technology Owerri(FUTO), Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka (NAU), Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike(MOUAU) ; South-South(SS): University of Calabar(UNICAL), University of Port Harcourt(UNIPORT), University of Uyo(UNIUYO); and South West(SW): University of Ibadan(UI), Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife(OAU), University of Lagos(UNILAG),University of Benin(UNIBEN), Federal University of Technology Akure(FUTA), and University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (UNAAB). Questionnaire and observation checklist were employed to gather facts and opinion of serials staff from 11 of the 13 federal universities libraries. No samples were taken from FUTA and NAU as they had no well developed serials unit at the time of this study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 55 from the 107 serials staff in the universities under study consisting of five (5) serials staff each including the Serials Librarian and any other four (4) staff which are responsible for acquisition, processing, user services and preservation in the serials units. Self developed questionnaire instrument made up of 5 items were distributed to the 65 staff. Items 1 to 3 of the questionnaire were developed along dichotomous checklist while items 4 and 5 were weighted on four Point Likert-like scales. The observation checklist made up of three (3) observable items was developed to enable the researcher observe serials functions and ICT facilities used in the serials unit of the studied universities. Answers to the research questions were provided for using tables, percentages, means and graphs. A midpoint mean score of 2. that is the average of the individual scores was accepted for items developed on four Point Likert–like scales. A 50 percent positive response was accepted for items analyzed with frequency and percentages. Results The result of the analysis are presented to reflect the objectives of the research which include Identifying the serials operations and public services performed with ICT facilities in the universities, identify ing the ICT facilities used in the serials units and ascertain if the use of ICT in serials units determines its use for serials operations. Serials Operations Performed with ICT The study ascertained through observation in the Serials units of the studied universities functions performed with ICT facilities. The result of the Observation checklist is presented in Table 1. It shows that all serials functions in OAU are performed with ICT facilities; UNAAB and UI have 75 percent of their serials functions performed with ICT. Half of the functions (50 percent) are performed with ICT in UNILAG, UNIBEN, UNICAL, MOUAU and FUTO. UNIUYO and UNN perform only processing and public services serials functions with ICT respectively while none of the functions is performed with ICT at UNIPORT. Considering the 50 percent bench mark for acceptability, only UNIUYO, UNIPORT and UNN do not perform serials functions with ICT. Other libraries do. Table 1: Observation Checklist on the Various Serials Functions Performed with ICT facilities S/NUniversitiesSerials FunctionsTotalpercent AcquisitionProcessingPublic servicesPreservation 1FUTO00xx250 2MOUAU00xx250 3UNN00x0125 4UNIUYO0x00125 5UNICALxx00250 6UNIPORT 000000 UNIBEN00xx250 8UNILAGx0x0250 9UIx0xx375 10OAUxxxx4100 11UNAAB0xxx375 12Total448621 13percent36. 3636. 3672. 7254. 55 NOTE: x=ICT used; 0= ICT not used The Table also shows that 54. 55 percent and 72. 72 percent of the libraries perform serials preservation and public services functions with ICT facilities respectively. A 36. 36 percent of the libraries perform acquisition and processing functions with ICT facili ties. Hence serials public services and preservations are the major serials functions performed with ICT in the libraries studied considering the 50 percent bench mark. Serials Public Services Performed with ICT Again, an observation was made to identify serials public services performed with ICT facilities. The observation checklist is presented in Table 2. The Table shows that UNAAB and MOUAU provide 85. 71 percent of their serials public services with ICT facilities. UI had 71. 43 percent of the services provided with ICT. A 57. 14 percent of such services were provided with ICT at UNILAG, UNICAL and FUTO. Others including UNIUYO (14. 29 percent), UNIBEN (28. 57 percent) had low use of ICT for serials public services functions. None of the services listed was provided with ICT at UNIPORT. The percentage of university libraries using ICT facilities for the various serials public services is as shown in the Table reveals that 81. 82 percent and 73. 73 percent of the studied libraries used ICT facilities to access serials and article titles respectively. ICT facilities were used to access abstract; index and the retrieval of serials titles by 54. 55 percent and 45. 45 percent of the libraries respectively. None of the libraries used ICT to access physical serials while 36. 5 percent used ICT to retrieve full text of serials. Using a 50 percent benchmark the result implied that those ICT facilities are used for access to abstract, serials and article titles in the universities studied. Table 2: Observation Checklist on the Various Serials Public services performed with ICT Facilities S/NUniversitiesSerials Public ServicesTotalpercent Access to abstractsAccess to IndexesAccess to Serials titleAccess to article t itlesLocation of physical serialsRetrieval of Serials titlesRetrieval of full text Serials 1FUTOxxxx000457. 14 MOUAUxxxx0xx685. 75 3UNN000000000 4UNIUYO00x0000114. 29 5UNICAL00xx0xx457. 14 6UNIPORT 000000000 7UNIBEN00xx000228. 57 8UNILAGx0xx00x457. 14 9UIxxxx0x0571. 43 10OAUxxxx0x0571. 43 11UNAABxxxx0xx685. 75 12Total659805437 13percent54. 5545. 4581. 8273. 73045. 4536. 36 NOTE: x=ICT used; 0= ICT not used ICT Facilities Used for Serials Operation in Serials Unit Answer to the research question on the ICT used for serials operations was found by the Researcher’s observation of the use made of ICT facilities in serials units of the various university libraries. The result of the observation is presented in Table 3. The Table shows that only 50 percent of the listed ICT facilities were used in the serials units of UNAAB and UI. UNIBEN, MOUAU and UNILAG used 42. 86 percent and 35. 71 percent of the facilities respectively. UNICAL and UNIUYO used 28. 57 percent and 14. 29 percent respectively while UNIPORT, UNN and OAU each used 7. 14 percent of the ICT facilities in their serials units. None of the facilities was used at the time of this study in FUTO Serials unit. Table 3: Observation Checklist on the Various ICT Facilities Use in Serial Unit. S /NUniversitiesICT FACILITIESTotalpercent PCCPSFaxCD-RCDWCDCDELANWIntOP 1FUTO0000000000000000 2MOUAUxxx00x00x00000535. 71 3UNN0x00000000000010 4UNIUYOxx000000000000214. 29 5UNICALxXx00000x00000428. 57 6UNIPORT 0x00000000000017. 14 7UNIBENxx000x0x00x00x642. 86 8UNILAGxx0xxx00000000535. 75 9UIxx000x00x0x0xx750. 00 10OAU0x00000000000017. 14 11UNAABx x00xx000x0xx750. 00 12Total7831151130302338 NOTE: PC= Personal Computers; C= Copier; P= Printer; S= Scanner; CD-R = CD-ROM; CDW= CD –Writer; D= Diskette; E= E- Mail; LAN=Local Area Network; Int= Internet; OP= OPAC. X= ICT Used; 0 = ICT Not Used. Considering the percentage of the universities using each of the ICT facilities, the result shows that majority of the university libraries (72. 73 percent) used photocopier for its serials functions. This was followed by 63. 64 percent and 45. 45 percent which used personal computers and CD-ROM respectively. Printers, diskettes, LAN and OPAC were each used by (27. 27 percent). The Internet (18. 18 percent); and scanner, fax machine, CD writer and CD changer (9. 09 percent) had very low use in the serials units studied. None of the libraries was using E-Mail and WAN facilities in the serials unit for serials functions. Considering the 50 percent Bench mark, only personal computers and photocopiers were the ICT facilities being used by the Serials units of the studied universities libraries? ICT Facilities Used in Serials Unit as a Determinant of Its Use for Serials Operations A cross-tabulation of the result was made to show the percentage serials functions, serials public services and ICT facilities used in various serials units of the individual universities. The result is presented in Table 4. It shows that although OAU had all its serials functions (100 percent) performed with ICT facilities and 71. 43 percent of its serials public services performed with ICT; it had very low use of ICT facilities (7. 14 percent) in its Serials unit. FUTO which also had 50 percent and 57. 14 percent of its serials functions and serials public services performed with ICT respectively had no single ICT facilities in its serials unit. There was also low indication of ICT facilities use in the Serials units of UNILAG (35. 71 percent); MOUAU (35. 1 percent) and UNICAL (28, 57 percent) despite their average use for serials functions and serials public services. UNN and UNIPORT though do not perform serials functions or public services with ICT had indication of ICT facilities in its serials unit (7. 14 percent). UNIUYO had low ICT facilities use in the Serials unit as well as low use for functions and serials public services. The result implied that the seria l functions and serials public services in the Serials units performed with ICT in some cases were not determined by the ICT facilities available in the Serials units of the respective university libraries. Table 4: Cross Tabulation of percent Serials Functions, Serials Public Services performed with ICT and ICT facilities Used in Serials Units of Southern Nigerian Federal University Libraries S/NUniversitiesPercent Serials Functions With ICTPercent Serials Public Services with ICTPercent ICT Facilities Used in Serials Unit 1FUTO5057. 140 2MOUAU5085. 7135. 71 3UNN000 4UNIUYO2514. 2914. 29 5UNICAL5057. 1428. 57 6UNIPORT 007. 14 7UNIBEN5028. 5742. 86 8UNILAG5057. 1435. 71 9UI7571. 4350. 00 10OAU10071. 437. 14 11UNAAB7585. 7150. 00 Discussion of Findings From the findings, it is apparent that there is a general low use of ICT facilities for serials functions except in the areas of serials public services and preservation (Table 1). This is related to the findings of Siddique (1997) in his work in Saudi Arabia, where only two of seven libraries studied applied ICT in serials control. The low use of ICT facilities for acquisition and processing may be attributed to the non-availability of serials software which will enable the use of ICT for the very complex acquisition and processing activities involved in serials functions. An explanation for this could be found in the works of Anunobi and Benard (2007) where many of the libraries studied do not have library software and those with such were yet to activate their serials module. However, that some libraries like OAU perform all its serials functions with ICT and others like UNN and UNIPORT are not performing any of its functions with ICT shows that there is a great disparity among these libraries with respect to the application of ICT facilities for serials functions especially among the geopolitical zones. The disparity could be attributed to the disposition of these libraries to the major hindrances to ICT application in serials functions. This is also related to the findings of Islam and Islam (2007) that there is disparity in the use of computers and its accessories in library services in Bangladesh. Furthermore, the increased use of ICT facilities for serials public services reflected in many of these libraries (Table 2); for serials and articles titles access buttresses the fact that these university libraries are providing serials public services with ICT facilities. It also implies that many of them have their automated serials holdings being domicile in personal computers or that they possess the Union List of Serials on CD-ROM which users can access. This is of the same standing with the findings of Tseng et al (1990) who noted in his study that 55 percent of the libraries studied have their serials holdings automated. There is also the possibility that some major abstracts like Chemical, Biological, LISA, and AJOL abstracts may be available in these libraries on CD-Rom or Online. Where only the abstract is available, or there is absence of digital library, full text retrieval may not be possible; hence the low university representation on retrieval of full text serials. The responses on ICT facilities use in serials operations still confirms that the libraries studied use little or no ICT facilities in serials functions. This confirmation was derived from the below bench mark for all the facilities outside personal computers and photocopiers (Table 3). The close to 50 percent average score for CD-ROM implies that its use for serials function is becoming prominent. Such is expected since some libraries like MOUAU and UNAAB have the Essential Electronic Agricultural Library (TEEAL) therefore are providing access to serials and article titles using CD-ROM facilities. Again, since the use of Internet and OPAC has low response, there is the tendency that the serials public services and preservation functions are provided with CD-ROM in these libraries. The use of scanner and fax machine by only one library suggests that the studied libraries were yet to digitize their serials. In addition to that they could be turning to new technology i. e. he Internet in place of fax. The information presented on the cross-tabulation of percentage serials functions, serials public services and ICT facilities used in serials functions (Table 4) has made series of suggestions. Though some of the University libraries performed serials functions and public services with ICT facilities, they had little or no ICT facilities in their serials units. This is similar to th e finding of Anunobi and Nwakwuo (2008 ) where majority of the university libraries in Eastern Nigeria have not embraced the use of ICT for its operations serials inclusive. This could mean that such functions and services were performed in other units or a designated unit outside the serials units. Observation showed that in most of these libraries that provided serials functions and public services with ICT facilities but with little or no ICT facilities in their serials units have distinct ICT, IT, Systems or Computer centres from which all these functions were performed. The implication of these findings is that the use of ICT facilities for serials functions is gradually disintegrating the compartmentalisation of serials units and other units of the university library. Hence it is likely that in not too long a time, serials functions and public services with the application of ICT facilities could be performed from units outside the serials unit in most of the libraries in southern Nigeria. The low positive response on the application of the Internet shows that the studied libraries were not utilizing the free electronic serials available on the Internet to augment the limited serials subscription made by some of these libraries. These libraries also deny users the opportunity of using some fee-based serials that are offered freely to developing countries like Nigeria. Such serials include Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture (AGORA); Health International Network Access to Research Initiative (HINARI); Online Access to Research in the Environment (OARE), EBSCOhost, Commonwealth University Documents Online (CUDOS), CAB Abstract etc. If the scenario is not changed, serials users will bypass the library for alternative information providers, thus confirming the conception of Morino (1998) that if libraries do not rise up to the challenges of the technological changes, they will never again be in control of information. Summary and Conclusion The following deductions and conclusive evidences are made from the findings of this research: †¢Serials functions in the Southern Nigeria federal university libraries are still predominately manually performed with ICT application being more prominent in the public services and preservation functions. †¢Public services activities involving the use of ICT facilities are mainly access to and retrieval of serials and articles titles. †¢Though a few of the libraries use Internet, LAN and OPAC, photocopiers, personal computer, and CD-ROM are the most commonly used ICT facilities in the serials unit. The low availability and use of ICT facilities in serials units of the university libraries is not a determinant of its use for serials operations. Hence many serials operations are performed with ICT facilities outside the serials units. It is recommended that university libraries should take a firm decision whether to equip serials unit with ICT facilities and affect all seri als operations in the unit or have a systems unit where ICT related operations are carried out including serials. University libraries should also solicit aid from donor agencies in the area of ICT hardware and software for serials functions References Agbaje, A. A. (2002). Great expectations: Serials management and information technology. In Madu E. C. , Dirisu, M. B. (Eds. ). Information science and technology for library schools in Africa (pp. 25-36). Ibadan: EVI-Coleman. Aina, L. O. (2003). Strengthening information provision in Nigerian university libraries: The digital option. Paper presented at the 41st Annual National Conference AGM of the Nigerian Library Association at Tarker Foundation, Markurdi, 7-12 September. Aina, L. O. (2004). Coping with the challenges of library and information delivery services: The need for institutionalized professional development. Nigerian Library Association Conference Proceedings, p. 4 Ajayi G. O. (2005). E-government in Nigeria’s e-strategy. Paper presented at 5th Annual African Computing and Telecommunications Submit, Abuja, Nigeria. Akinyotu, A. (1977). Library automation: A state of the art review. Paper presented at the workshop on library automation in Nigeria held at the Conference centre, University of Ibadan 6-10 March. Ani, O. E. , Esin, J. E. , Edem, N. (2005). Adoption of information and Communication Technology (ICT) in academic libraries: A strategy for library networking in Nigeria. The Electronic Library 23 (6): 701-708. Anunobi, C. , Benard, I. (2007). Availability and use of ICT resources in Imo State academic library services. Coal City Libraries 56: 34-41. Anunobi, C. V. , Nwakwuo, O. (2008). The state of ICT in southeastern Nigeria. Samaru Journal of Information studies 8 (1): 35-43 Alabi, G. A. (1993). Information technology: Whither Nigerian libraries and documentation centres. Leading Libraries Information Centres 1 (2): 27-35. American Library Association (1983). The ALA glossary of library and information science. Chicago: ALA. Ballentyne P. (2003). Information management trends. INASP Newsletter 23: 5-6. Chesenga, J. (2004). ICT in libraries: An overview and general introduction to ICT in libraries in Africa. INASP ICT Workshop, Kopanong Hotel Conference centre, Johannesburg S. Africa 21st -23rd July. ( www. INASP. info/ISP/ICT-workshop2004 ) Islam, S. , Islam, N. (2007). Use of ICT in libraries: An empirical study of selected libraries in Bangladesh. Library Philosophy and Practice. Available: http://unllib. unl. edu/LPP/shariful. htm Mullis, A. (1992). Serials. In. Michael, P. (Ed. ), Non-standard collection management (pp. 3-115). Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Oketunji, I. (2001). Computer application to libraries. Paper presented at the 39th Annual National Conference and AGM of the Nigerian Library Association at the Imo Concord Hotel Owerri, June 17-22. Oketunji, I. (2001). Libraries and the Internet connectivity: What benefits? In Lasis J. , Odunsanya,O. K. , Sonaike, S. E. A. , Osinulu L. F. (Eds. ), Automation of cat aloguing practices in Nigerian libraries (pp. 32-40), Ijebu-Ode: Nigerian Library Association, Cataloguing, Classification and Indexing Section. Oni, F. A. (2004). Enhancing the performance of library operations through appropriate IT. In Madu E. C. (Ed. ), Technology for information management services: Modern libraries information centers in developing countries (pp. 95-109). Ibadan: Evi-Coleman. Siddiqui, M. A. (1997). The use of information technology in academic libraries in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 29 (4): 195-203. Szilvassy, J. (Ed. ) (1996). Basic serials management handbook. IFLA Publications 77. Munchen: K. G. Saur. Tseng, S. C. , Arcand, J. C. , Brugger, J. M, Finn, M, Olson, A. J. , Somers, S. (1990). Serials standards work: The next frontier. Library Resources Technical Services 34 (2): 139-157. Womboh, B. S. H. , Abba, T. (2008). The state of information and communication technology (ICT) in Nigerian university libraries: The experience of Ibrahim Babangida Library, Federal University of Technology, Yola. Library Philosophy and Practice. Available: http://unllib. unl. edu/LPP/womboh. htm ? Explanation and opinion From the article above, we know that there is a general low use of ICT facilities for serials functions except in the areas of serials public services and preservation (table 1) in libraries. Serials functions in the Southern Nigeria federal university libraries are still predominately manually performed with ICT application being more prominent in the public services and preservation functions. This is because in Nigeria, many of the libraries studied do not have library software due to the expensive price of the software. However, it is shown that 55% of the libraries have an automated system regarding the serials storage system. It also implies that many of them have their automated serials holdings being domicile in personal computers or that they possess the List of Serials on CD-ROM which users can access. Furthermore, the use of Internet has low response,so there is the tendency that the users are provided with CD-ROM in these libraries. This means that the use of CD-ROM is more dominant than internet in Nigeria. The low positive response on the application of the Internet in libraries shows that the studied libraries were not utilizing the free electronic serials available on the Internet to replace the limited serials subscription made by some of these libraries. This maybe because of the not skilled people in Nigeria. In my opinion, the libraries in Nigeria should optimize the use of ICT. This can be done by having seminars about how to use the internet (how to browse for information, download, save files, etc). Even though the libraries have been changing so much that it changed from paperwork-based into ICT-based system. Though a few of the libraries use Internet, photocopiers, personal computer, and CD-ROM are the most commonly used ICT facilities in the serials unit. This is because the Nigerian people don’t know the technology of internet yet and they are still a developing country. ? Impact to society: It is clear that by using ICT in libraries, there will be some impact to the society. For example it will change the way of borrowing books, the way of storing data of customers, etc that will be discussed below. Advantages: 1. It will be faster to store information of customers. By using ICT, the process of storing customers’ data will be faster because it only needs us to type which is significanly faster rather than to write 2. The data that is stored will also be more secure by using ICT. When the data is stored using computer, the risk of lost data will be very low compared to when using written forms of customers’ data. This is explained because the risk of losing paperwork is a lot more compared to the risk in computer. . It will be easier to modify / change the data stored. When using computer, we can modify data very easily. This will help the librarians greatly so their job will be much easier too. They don’t need to re-write all the customers information again like if they are using paperwork. 4. The process of borrowing books will be m uch faster and in an efficient way. By using ICT, we can just scan the book barcode when a customer wanted to borrow a particular book. This will be faster since they only need to scan (not to write the description of the book). 5. We can know when a particular customer haven’t return the books that they borrowed. This will reduce the risk of losing books in the library and also will help customer to be discipline to return the books that they borrowed on time. When using the old type of storing data, the librarians will be lazy to check because there are so much data that they have to search. However, they can filter data using ICT and they will work with more tenacity. 6. The society will have more access to information that is available by using the internet. Customers can use the computers that are provided in the library and search for information that maybe not available in the library’s books. This will improve the knowledge of society and this will lead to a better society with up-to-date information. 7. It will be easier for the society to print, send e-mail, do research etc by using the computers provided in the library. Thus enabling them to score high in their report and moreover giving them a future career prospect. Disadvantages: 1. There will be unemployment for some librarians since the library doesn’t need a lot of librarians anymore. The librarians whose old job were to check / write data in paper will be no longer needed since the ICT will only need fewer librarians to do the same amount of work. . In Nigeria, many people doesn’t seem to understand ICT well, so there will be problems when they are using the ICT system. For example, internet service and computers. They won’t be that interested in using the computer because they don’t know how to use it. So, if they force themself to use computer, there will be probability that they wi ll damage the computers’ hardwares, or the computers will be abandoned with no users using them. 3. The cost of implementing the ICT system is not cheap. It usually requires a lot of money that the university have to provide. This will have impact on other university facilities. Because of the implementation of ICT, other facilities will have only a low budget and this can be bad for the university students. From the list of advantages and disadvantages before, we all know that the ICT system in library have a significant impact to the society. For me, even though it has some disadvantages, there are a lot more advantages that ICT system offers. It will also modernize the local people by providing more and more information from abroad, not only from the books. Thus, ICT system is very important to the better qualified of individuals. How to cite Application of Ict in Library, Essay examples

The Constitution Protects The Civil Rights Of Americans But Again The

The Constitution Protects the Civil Rights of Americans but again the Constitution does protect the civil rights of Americans. Even though some laws are passed that violate the civil rights of people in the United States, the Supreme Court corrects these errors. The cases reviewed here ask if it is okay to compose and mandate prayer in schools, whether the death penalty is Constitutional, and how much privacy is given to the American people. In the following Supreme Court cases, the reader will find that the decisions made are Constitutional and ensure that the civil rights of Americans are protected. The First Amendment to the Constitution forbids the government form supporting religion. In the Supreme Court case, Engle v.. Vitale, a New York school system composed a prayer and forced children to pray in the mornings at school. This action by the school system clearly violates the no establishment clause of the First Amendment, which states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion... The Supreme Court ruled six to one that it was unconstitutional for schools to compose and mandate prayer. The Engle decision was a good decision. Since the government now had no say in how school children prayed, the rights of minority religious groups were protected. This decision ensures that students in schools across the country will not have to go against their religion to please the government. Because this decision ensures the people's right to worship in the way that they choose, American society as a whole benefits from this decision. The Eighth Amendment to the Constitution prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. In the case, Gregg v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was not unconstitutional as long as it was not arbitrarily applied. This case was accurately read because the writers of the Bill of Rights did not believe that the death penalty constituted cruel and unusual punishment. They believed that cruel and unusual punishment was punishment that inflicted excessive pain on the convicted. Since the death penalty is humane, it does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment and is therefore acceptable to use as a form of punishment. The Gregg decision was a good decision. The death penalty is a fair and just punishment for those that have committed capital offenses. Although some might argue that it is a revenge-based punishment, it is only doing to the convicted what he did to his victim, although in a way much less painful. Because the death penalty is humane, causing almost no pain to the person being executed, it is a fair and allowable punishment for those that deserve it. The Ninth Amendment to the Constitution allows citizens more rights that those listed in the Constitution. It can be inferred that the writers of the Bill of Rights meant for privacy to be included in this amendment. In Connecticut, there was a law that forbid the use and distribution of information about contraceptives. This law was overruled by the Supreme Court in the case, Griswold v. Connecticut, when it ruled that the law violated Constitutionally protected privacy. The government only has the right to censor information if it endangers national security or if it is considered obscene. Since the use and distribution of information about contraceptives does not fall under any of these categories, it is not Constitutionally correct for the government to violate people's privacy in the way that it did in the Connecticut law. The Griswold decision was a good decision. Because people deserve and are Constitutionally given privacy, it seems illogical that a state would make a law like the one that was made in Connecticut. This type of action can be interpreted as a state not respecting a person's right to privacy, which is not only unconstitutional, but wrong. Because the Supreme Court abolished the Connecticut law forbidding the use and distribution of information about contraceptives, the people of the United States can rest assured that their right to privacy is being protected. In the preceding Supreme Court cases, the Justices that heard the cases upheld the meanings of the Amendments contained in the Bill of Rights. The decisions all agreed with what the writers of the Bill